Physical Conditions of the Ionized Superwind in NGC 253 with VLT/MUSE

Abstract: We present an analysis of the Hα-emitting ionized gas in the warm phase of the NGC 253 outflow using integral field spectroscopy from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer. In each spaxel, we decompose Hα, [N II], and [S II] emission lines into a system of up to three Gaussian components, accounting for the velocity contributions due to the disk and both intercepted walls of an outflow cone. In the approaching southern lobe of the outflow, we find maximum deprojected outflow velocities down to ∼‑500 km s‑1. Velocity gradients of this outflowing gas range from ∼‑350 to ‑550 km s‑1 kpc‑1 with increasing distance from the nucleus. Additionally, [N II]/Hα and [S II]/Hα integrated line ratios are suggestive of shocks as the dominant ionization source throughout the wind. Electron densities, inferred from the [S II] doublet, peak at 2100 cm‑3 near the nucleus and reach ≲50 cm‑3 in the wind. Finally, at an uncertainty of 0.3 dex on the inferred mass of 4 × 105 M⊙, the mass-outflow rate of the Hα-emitting gas in the southern outflow lobe is ∼0.4 M⊙ yr‑1. This yields a mass-loading factor of η ∼ 0.1 and a ∼2% starburst energy efficiency.

Recommended citation: Cronin, S.A., et al. (2025), ApJ, 987, 92
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